"philosophical" meaning in All languages combined

See philosophical on Wiktionary

Adjective [English]

IPA: /ˌfɪl.əˈsɒf.ɪ.kl̩/ [Received-Pronunciation], /ˌfɪl.əˈsɑ.fɪ.kl̩/ [General-American] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vininn126-philosophical.wav [US] Forms: more philosophical [comparative], most philosophical [superlative], philosophicall [alternative, obsolete], phylosophicall [alternative, obsolete], phylosophical [alternative, nonstandard]
Etymology: From philosophy + -ical, from Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía, “love of knowledge, scientific learning”). Displaced native Old English ūþwitlīċ. Etymology templates: {{suffix|en|philosophy|-ical}} philosophy + -ical, {{uder|en|grc|φιλοσοφία||love of knowledge, scientific learning}} Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía, “love of knowledge, scientific learning”), {{ncog|ang|ūþwitlīċ}} Old English ūþwitlīċ Head templates: {{en-adj}} philosophical (comparative more philosophical, superlative most philosophical)
  1. Of, or pertaining to, philosophy. Translations (of or pertaining to philosophy): فَلْسَفِيّ (falsafiyy) (Arabic), filosóficu (Asturian), fəlsəfi (Azerbaijani), філасо́фскі (filasófski) (Belarusian), filosòfic (Catalan), filozofický (Czech), filosofisk (Danish), wijsgerig (Dutch), filosofisch (Dutch), filozofia (Esperanto), filosofinen (Finnish), filosófico (Galician), ფილოსოფიური (pilosopiuri) (Georgian), philosophisch (German), φιλοσοφικός (filosofikós) (Greek), filozófiai (Hungarian), philosophic (Interlingua), filosofico (Italian), философиялық (fıylosofıyalıq) (Kazakh), пәлсапалық (pälsapalıq) (Kazakh), filozofisks (Latvian), филосо́фски (filosófski) (Macedonian), филозо́фски (filozófski) (Macedonian), filosofisk (Norwegian Bokmål), filosofisk (Norwegian Nynorsk), filosofic (Occitan), ūþwitlīċ (Old English), filozoficzny (Polish), filosófico (Portuguese), filozofic (Romanian), филосо́фский (filosófskij) (Russian), filosófico (Spanish), filosofal (Spanish), filosofisk (Swedish), batnayanin (Tagalog), batnayin (Tagalog), felsefi (Turkish), філосо́фський (filosófsʹkyj) (Ukrainian), філософі́чний (filosofíčnyj) (Ukrainian), filosopik (Volapük)
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  2. Rational; analytic or critically minded; thoughtful. Translations (rational, analytic): rozumový (Czech), φιλοσοφικός (filosofikós) (Greek), filosófico (Portuguese)
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  3. Detached, calm, stoic. Translations (detached, calm, stoic): filozofikus (Hungarian), higgadt (Hungarian)
    Sense id: en-philosophical-en-adj-dSDxU2RF Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -ical, English undefined derivations, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Asturian translations, Terms with Azerbaijani translations, Terms with Belarusian translations, Terms with Catalan translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with Galician translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Interlingua translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Kazakh translations, Terms with Latvian translations, Terms with Macedonian translations, Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations, Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations, Terms with Occitan translations, Terms with Old English translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Tagalog translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations, Terms with Volapük translations, Personality Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 18 41 41 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ical: 21 40 39 Disambiguation of English undefined derivations: 19 40 41 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 20 36 44 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 20 36 44 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 19 38 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 20 40 40 Disambiguation of Terms with Asturian translations: 20 39 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Azerbaijani translations: 19 36 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Belarusian translations: 21 38 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Catalan translations: 21 38 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 19 36 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 20 39 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 20 38 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 20 39 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 21 38 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Galician translations: 21 38 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 21 36 43 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 21 38 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 18 41 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 18 39 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Interlingua translations: 19 39 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 20 39 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Kazakh translations: 19 36 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Latvian translations: 19 36 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Macedonian translations: 19 36 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations: 19 35 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations: 19 38 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Occitan translations: 20 38 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Old English translations: 19 42 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 21 37 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 19 37 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 20 39 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 20 39 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 22 37 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 21 38 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Tagalog translations: 21 38 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 21 38 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 19 36 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Volapük translations: 20 39 42 Disambiguation of Personality: 0 0 100 Disambiguation of 'detached, calm, stoic': 1 2 97
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: philosophic

Alternative forms

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          "lang_code": "hu",
          "sense": "detached, calm, stoic",
          "word": "higgadt"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌfɪl.əˈsɒf.ɪ.kl̩/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌfɪl.əˈsɑ.fɪ.kl̩/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
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      "tags": [
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  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "philosophic"
    }
  ],
  "word": "philosophical"
}
{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "word": "nonphilosophical"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "English adjectives",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English relational adjectives",
    "English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
    "English terms suffixed with -ical",
    "English undefined derivations",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Asturian translations",
    "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
    "Terms with Belarusian translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with Galician translations",
    "Terms with Georgian translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Interlingua translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Kazakh translations",
    "Terms with Latvian translations",
    "Terms with Macedonian translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
    "Terms with Occitan translations",
    "Terms with Old English translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Tagalog translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Volapük translations",
    "en:Personality"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "antiphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "aphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "biophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "cyberphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "doctrine of philosophical necessity"
    },
    {
      "word": "ecophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "ethnophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "extraphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "geophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "historicophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "historiophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "intraphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "metaphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "musicophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "neurophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "nonphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "overphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical anarchism"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical anarchist"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical behaviorism"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical behaviorist"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical behaviourism"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical furnace"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophicality"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophically"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical materialism"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical method"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophicalness"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical sin"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical wool"
    },
    {
      "word": "philosophical zombie"
    },
    {
      "word": "physicophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "politicophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "postphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "prephilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "pseudophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "psychophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "psycho-socio-philosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "religiophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "scientifico-philosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "semiphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "sociophilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "unphilosophical"
    },
    {
      "word": "wax philosophical"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "philosophy",
        "3": "-ical"
      },
      "expansion": "philosophy + -ical",
      "name": "suffix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "grc",
        "3": "φιλοσοφία",
        "4": "",
        "5": "love of knowledge, scientific learning"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía, “love of knowledge, scientific learning”)",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ūþwitlīċ"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English ūþwitlīċ",
      "name": "ncog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From philosophy + -ical, from Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía, “love of knowledge, scientific learning”). Displaced native Old English ūþwitlīċ.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "more philosophical",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "most philosophical",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "philosophicall",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "phylosophicall",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "phylosophical",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "nonstandard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "philosophical (comparative more philosophical, superlative most philosophical)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenations": [
    {
      "parts": [
        "phi",
        "lo",
        "soph",
        "i",
        "cal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              197,
              210
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1978 [1976], Leszek Kołakowski, translated by P[aul] S[teven] Falla, Main Currents of Marxism, volume I: The Founders, Oxford: Clarendon Press, translation of Główne nurty marksizmu: powstanie (in Polish), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 118:",
          "text": "All the creations of classic German philosophy, such as Hegel's Idea, Fichte's Ego, or Schelling's Absolute, appeared to him simply as substitutes for the Deity, reduced to a more abstract form by philosophical imagination.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
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          ],
          "ref": "2019 November 11, Ashley Strickland, “What makes a planet potentially habitable”, in CNN:",
          "text": "“For most of human history, the question of whether or not life exists elsewhere has belonged only within the philosophical realm,” said Howard Chen, study author and Ph.D candidate at Northwestern University.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Of, or pertaining to, philosophy."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "philosophy",
          "philosophy"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
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          "ref": "1846, Edgar Allan Poe, “The Sphinx”, in Arthur's Ladies Magazine:",
          "text": "His richly philosophical intellect was not at any time affected by unrealities.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Rational; analytic or critically minded; thoughtful."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
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          "rational#English"
        ],
        [
          "analytic",
          "analytic"
        ],
        [
          "critically",
          "critically"
        ],
        [
          "minded",
          "minded"
        ],
        [
          "thoughtful",
          "thoughtful"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
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              41
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          ],
          "ref": "1911, Hector Hugh Munro, The Schartz-Metterklume Method:",
          "text": "She bore the desertion with philosophical indifference.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Detached, calm, stoic."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Detached",
          "detached#English"
        ],
        [
          "calm",
          "calm"
        ],
        [
          "stoic",
          "stoic"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌfɪl.əˈsɒf.ɪ.kl̩/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌfɪl.əˈsɑ.fɪ.kl̩/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vininn126-philosophical.wav",
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      "tags": [
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  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "philosophic"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "lang_code": "ar",
      "roman": "falsafiyy",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "فَلْسَفِيّ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ast",
      "lang": "Asturian",
      "lang_code": "ast",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosóficu"
    },
    {
      "code": "az",
      "lang": "Azerbaijani",
      "lang_code": "az",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "fəlsəfi"
    },
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "lang_code": "be",
      "roman": "filasófski",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "філасо́фскі"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "lang_code": "ca",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosòfic"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filozofický"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "lang_code": "da",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosofisk"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "wijsgerig"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosofisch"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "lang_code": "eo",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filozofia"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosofinen"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "lang_code": "gl",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosófico"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "lang_code": "ka",
      "roman": "pilosopiuri",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "ფილოსოფიური"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "philosophisch"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "roman": "filosofikós",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "φιλοσοφικός"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filozófiai"
    },
    {
      "code": "ia",
      "lang": "Interlingua",
      "lang_code": "ia",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "philosophic"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosofico"
    },
    {
      "code": "kk",
      "lang": "Kazakh",
      "lang_code": "kk",
      "roman": "fıylosofıyalıq",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "философиялық"
    },
    {
      "code": "kk",
      "lang": "Kazakh",
      "lang_code": "kk",
      "roman": "pälsapalıq",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "пәлсапалық"
    },
    {
      "code": "lv",
      "lang": "Latvian",
      "lang_code": "lv",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filozofisks"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "lang_code": "mk",
      "roman": "filosófski",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "филосо́фски"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "lang_code": "mk",
      "roman": "filozófski",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "филозо́фски"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "lang_code": "nb",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosofisk"
    },
    {
      "code": "nn",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "lang_code": "nn",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosofisk"
    },
    {
      "code": "oc",
      "lang": "Occitan",
      "lang_code": "oc",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosofic"
    },
    {
      "code": "ang",
      "lang": "Old English",
      "lang_code": "ang",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "ūþwitlīċ"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filozoficzny"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosófico"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "lang_code": "ro",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filozofic"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "filosófskij",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "филосо́фский"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosófico"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosofal"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosofisk"
    },
    {
      "code": "tl",
      "lang": "Tagalog",
      "lang_code": "tl",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "batnayanin"
    },
    {
      "code": "tl",
      "lang": "Tagalog",
      "lang_code": "tl",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "batnayin"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "lang_code": "tr",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "felsefi"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "lang_code": "uk",
      "roman": "filosófsʹkyj",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "філосо́фський"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "lang_code": "uk",
      "roman": "filosofíčnyj",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "філософі́чний"
    },
    {
      "code": "vo",
      "lang": "Volapük",
      "lang_code": "vo",
      "sense": "of or pertaining to philosophy",
      "word": "filosopik"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "sense": "rational, analytic",
      "word": "rozumový"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "roman": "filosofikós",
      "sense": "rational, analytic",
      "word": "φιλοσοφικός"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "sense": "rational, analytic",
      "word": "filosófico"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "detached, calm, stoic",
      "word": "filozofikus"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "lang_code": "hu",
      "sense": "detached, calm, stoic",
      "word": "higgadt"
    }
  ],
  "word": "philosophical"
}

Download raw JSONL data for philosophical meaning in All languages combined (12.6kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.